Rap And Violence Essays - African-American Culture,

Rap And Violence Since the late 1980's rap music has been known as the Anti Christ in our way of life, as a result of it's supposed impact in individuals' life. Individuals swear here and there that the music is the reason individuals, uncommonly the young retreat to rough wrongdoings. I think by saying this they are attempting to conceal the genuine truth by furnishing straightforward responses. Rap is characterized as a style of well known music comprising of extemporized rhymes performed to a musical backup. The first rap tune was made in the late 70's, the melodies were seven to eight minutes in length what's more, was for the most part utilized in little clubs to move to. It didn't generally get well known until the mid 80's. Throughout the years it has become standard music, everybody is tuning in to it. Over the most recent four years rap made up 60% of music purchased in stores in the United States. In 1989 a neighborhood bunch called N.W.A.(Niggaz Wit Mentalities) originated from out of L.A. also, changed rap, which was the beginning of Gangsta Rap. In their verses they discussed wrongdoing, road viciousness and murdering. Once they were a tremendous hit, it got on, and actually that is the point at which this franticness begun. Everybody began rapping Gangsta style. An ever increasing number of individuals began rapping about police ruthlessness and executing individuals and with that wrongdoing rose to elevated levels. As I would like to think it's not the craftsmen or the record organization's deficiency that wrongdoing rose. It's not their duty to take care of each individual who tunes in to their music. In every one of these long periods of rap however there are three individuals who took the most analysis from people in general. Dr. Dre was one, after N.W.A. broke up he proceeded to do whatever him might feeling like doing, and after he discharged The Chronic he turned into a star. He took rap to a more significant level where it never been and I believe that frightened many individuals. He was rapping about drive by's, engaging in sexual relations with several ladies, drinking liquor the entire day, etc. At this point the crime percentage was out of this world and many individuals where searching for simple answers. It was for the most part those rare sorts of people who simply didn't care for rap from the beginning that stood up and attempted to boycott it. Most rappers adored the style Dr. Dre made, thus they attempted to take the style and make something of their own. Alongside Dr. Dre he helped a rising star Snoop Doggy Dog to turn into a major star by visitor gazing on his The Chronic collection. Sneak discharged Doggy Style and it was a hit. His style like Dr. Dre made it a hit. It was his smash hit collection to date. Congress attempted each way they could to shield youth from tuning in to this music since they felt it was causing them to carry out wrongdoings. Sneak was charged not to long after his discharge for homicide which he before long was found not liable. They made a mark for CD's and tapes that said Parental Advisory Express Lyrics which entirely my sentiment didn't do excessively. Along these lines guardians could know about the sort of music their children tune in to and could pick in the event that they might want to permit them to hear it out. In the event that you plunk down and consider it, when you purchase a CD you by it since you need to hear it out, you don't generally focus on that little name. Other than you see little children no more established then 11 strolling around tuning in to Lil' Kim, Tupac, and all other rap craftsmen cussing up a tempest . . . what's with that? For what reason didn't the guardians state anything about that, they have power over their youngsters, yet pundits and congress accuse the rappers. The third man to take the most warmth who still keeps on being Tupac Shakur. They state he was the best rapper alive and the most effective which I additionally accept is valid. He experiences been in difficulty with the law and open since his first collection to even now after his passing. He was captured for various charges, for example, battery, endeavored murder, and assault. In 1994 two 17-year-olds shot some cops and said they did on the grounds that they heard it in Tupac's music. Pundits accused him from the beginning with his to classless verses. Why accuse him he didn't instruct them to go shoot cops? For the past three years, C. Delores Tucker has been talking and fighting rap verses

Chem Sba 1

Name: Derell Ruan Form: 4B1 SBA: Chemistry Aim: To figure out which gas, Ammonia or hydrogen chloride defuses quicker. Speculation: Ammonia will defuse quicker than hydrogen chloride. Materials Equipment: Chemicals: * 2 answer brace and stand Ammonia * 1 ? m glass tube * 2 250cm3 measuring utencils * Cotton Wool * Stop clock * Meter rule * Tweezers * 2 Rubber bum Method: The hardware was gathered. * The glass tube was put between the two clips guaranteeing that it was leveled. * A modest quantity of hydrochloric corrosive was filled the measuring utencil. * The cotton fleece was set toward one side of the glass tube utilizing tweezers. Close it with an elastic bum. * Repeating stages 3-5 all the while. * The stop clock was begun, keeping record of time taken to the white cloud to shape. * The meter rule was utilized to quantify the separation of the white cloud from each finish of the cylinder. ResultsChemical| Distance| Time ( in sec)| Rate of Diffusion| Molecular weight | Ammonia| 90| 285| 0. 315| 17. 03| Hydrochloric acid| 60| 285| 0. 210| 36. 46| Interpretation of results: The reason for the glass tube is to dispose of air flows and to let the gas atoms will proceed onward their own. The gas particles finish a way the cylinder as they crash into the air atoms in the cylinder. Alkali will diffuses quicker on the grounds that it has a quicker pace of dispersion and it is twice a light as Hydrochloric acid.A cloud like figure should show up when the gases impact. End: The response which is occurring is: smelling salts + hydrogen chloride > ammonium chloride NH3Â (g) + HCl (g) > NH4Cl (s) The specific time taken for the cloud to frame relied upon the components of the cylinder, and the measure of the arrangements which are put on the cotton fleece. The cloud shaped closer to the hydrochloric corrosive finish of the cylinder since smelling salts diffuses quicker than hydrochloric acid.This is on the grounds that hydrogen chloride has double the sub-atomic load of alkali, and the pace of dissemination is contrarily relative to the square foundation of the sub-atomic mass of the gas. The theory was right and is demonstrated by the consequences of the test and what was deciphered was likewise demonstrated by the aftereffects of the trial. Confinements: The analysis couldn't have been directed a few times empowering the outcomes to be progressively exact, as a result of the high hazard that it could have done to the human body.

Getting Rid of Just-in-Case Items 20 Dollars, 20 Minutes

Getting Rid of Just-in-Case Items 20 Dollars, 20 Minutes We often hold on to things just in case we need them: We don’t let go because we might need something in some far-off, nonexistent, hypothetical future. We pack too much stuff in the remotest chance we might need something for trips and vacations. We needn’t hold on to these things just in case:  We rarely use our just-in-case itemsâ€"they sit there, take up space, get in the way, weigh us down. Most of the time they aren’t items we need at all. Instead, if we remove the just-in-case items from our lives, we get them out of the way and free up the space they consume. Over the last few years, the two of us let go of the vast majority of our just-in-case possessions. And during our last book tour, we made sure we didn’t pack anything just in case. Then we tested our hypothesis: the 20/20 Rule. Anything we get rid of that we truly need, we can replace for less than $20 in less than 20 minutes from our current location. Thus far, this hypothesis has become a theory that has held true 100% of the time. Although we’ve rarely had to replace a just-in-case item (fewer than five times for the two of us combined), we’ve never had to pay more than $20 or go more than 20 minutes out of our way to replace the item. This theory likely works 99% of the time for 99% of all items and 99% of all peopleâ€"including you. More important, we haven’t missed the hundreds of just-in-case items we’ve gotten rid of, and we didn’t need to replace most of them. Getting rid of these items clears our minds, frees up our space, and takes the weight off our shoulders. What are you holding on to just in case? Read this essay and 150 others in our book, Essential. You May Also Enjoy How to Start a Successful Blog Today Learn how to start a blog in less than an hour. Follow the step-by-step instructions we used when starting our blog, which now has reached more than 20 million people. Creating this blog is one of the best decisions Ryan and I ever made. After all, our blog is how we earn a living. More important, it's how we add value to other people's lives. Read more 30-Day Minimalism Game Let's play a simple game together. We call it the 30-Day Minimalism Game. Find a friend, family member, or coworker who's willing to minimize their stuff with you next month. Read more 11 Ways to Write Better We are all writers now. Whether you write books, blog posts, emails, Instagram captions, or text messages, you are a writer. No matter your preferred medium, here are a few tips to help you write more effectively. Read more Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Cell Phones Banned at School Essay - 823 Words

People all around the world have many electronic devices, and there are abundant amounts of freedom that come with them. There are so many different technologies to choose from, but one that seems to be quite common among people of all ages, are cell phones. Such technology is great for many uses, but it is not always appropriate in certain settings. The principal at my school has adopted a new policy that bans the use of cell phones during school hours. I support my principal’s decision. Cell phones can be distractions in many ways to students during school. They can cause conflicts between fellow students and between students and teachers. Allowing cell phones during school hours also basically gives students permission to not pay†¦show more content†¦So why would they want to listen to a teacher talk if they can talk about something they actually want to talk about just as easily? When students are paying attention to their cell phones instead of the teacher, the ir grades will eventually go down, and it will be harder for them to get jobs later in life. Cell phones during school hours could really destroy the learning environment and many other opportunities. Bullying is something that could become a problem if cell phones were allowed during school hours. For example, in the locker room, while students were changing in or out of gym clothes another student could take a rude or unnecessary picture. Those types of things really hurt. Using a feature on cell phones called texting, students can send mean or hateful things to each other during the day, and hurt many other people’s feelings. One more way that bullying could arise from allowing cell phone use during school hours is by students stealing other student’s phones. Phones could be stolen off desks or from lockers; also a student could walk right up to another and take their phone away. There is already enough bullying throughout schools, and there is no need to add one more way for bullying to happen. School is supposed to be a place where students can come and feel comfortable and be themselves, but bullying does not make school a happy place. Finally, by allowing cell phone use during schoolShow MoreRelatedCell Phones Banned at Schools623 Words   |  3 PagesA new set of school legislation has been put in place regarding cell phones in various parts of the country. These laws state that the use of cell phones is prohibited for students during the school day. This new rule was set due to schools having problems with students misusing cell phones in school, forcing the hand of the principal to ban them. There are many viewpoints for and against this new rule. I plan on showing you one side of the argument. I believe that students should not be permittedRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Banned in Schools Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesPeople in many schools regularly sneak around on their cell phones, trying to hide them from teachers or administrators. Cell phones were originally against school rules. Honestly it makes a lot of since for students not to be able to use their cell phones during school hours. Cell phones should be banned in schools because they distract students, allow cheating in Schools, and they can be dangerous. Cell phones distract students in school. Whenever people text in class it gets other people’sRead MoreCell Phones Should Not Be Banned from School Property693 Words   |  3 Pageslocal high school in the United States, they will be sure to see teenage students with their cellular telephones in hand. One may say the use of cell phones should be banned on school property, however there are many instances in which that may not be the best idea. Parents need to know that their children are safe and those children need a way in which to contact their parents if an emergency arises. If their child is not permitted to have their cellular telephone with them at school, the parentRead MoreEssay on Cell Phone Use in Schools Should Not be Banned1401 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents be able to use cell phones during class periods? This is a question a lot of students and parents have asked themselves. The invention of cell phones started a debate for many schools. Many schools accept the use of cell phones but experience a lot of frustration over them. There are many reasons for and against the use of cell phones in schools. People who support cell phone use in schools are usually teenagers. People who disagree with cell phone use in schools are usually teachersRead MoreEssay On Personal Technology1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn the standard middle school to high school classroom, anyone can walk in a room and see the glare of cell phones sitting on desks, students looking down in their lap, or earbuds coming from every student’s ears. Is this use of personal technology in classrooms benefitting our students? Due to the rising use of technology in the classroom some may argue that the student’s own technology can bring educational benefits, while others only see them as a distraction in classrooms. Being a student fromRead MoreAn Argument Essay on the Use of Cell Phones in Public Places1105 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cellular telephone. Every individual with a cell phone has the ability to call any person, place, or agency at anytim e as long as the individual is within the service providers coverage area. The prevalence of cell phone owners has increased the use of cell phones in public places, such as schools, restaurants, and theaters, and their use in public is associated with both positive and negative implications. Some argue cell phones should be banned from public places because they are a social distractionRead MoreCell Phones Should Not Be Banned1222 Words   |  5 PagesCell phones can definitely be educational tools in school What’s are everybody’s opinion on cell phones during school? Why should or shouldn’t they be allowed? I’ve always used mine as a helpful tool. I’ve heard many different sides of this debate, mostly they have been positive. I’ve used mine for reading a book in study hall and playing a game to benefit for a vocabulary test. Cell phones are educational tools and should not be banned. This is a debate that can go both ways. Lots of bigger schoolsRead MoreEssay on Banning Cell Phones in School507 Words   |  3 PagesRecently, the principal of my school has banned the use of cell phones during school hours. I agree with this policy because students could use their cell phones to cheat on tests, quizzes, or any other independent work. Another reason that I agree with this policy is, the students won’t be paying attention to the teacher if they are texting somebody else. The final reason is, cell phones are a distraction to other students who are trying to learn. Cells phones can be a huge problem later in lifeRead MoreBanning Cell Phones in Schools Essay example571 Words   |  3 PagesCell phones shouldn’t be allowed in school I agree with the principal on the issue of cell phones being banned from school during school hours. I agree because during school one should be there to learn not to text or talk with their friends. Cell phones are distract ing, disrespectful, and distracting in the school environment. Cell phones are distracting because they ring, beep, vibrate, or play a song, which will cause you to move or laugh. On the other hand, if it is your phone then youRead MoreMobile Phones Should Be Banned from School946 Words   |  4 Pagesover the age of thirteen carries a mobile phone, many school systems have banned or want to ban these items from school grounds. Why? The one says it is due to the ‘potential problems’, such as texting during class and the use of social media. Others say it is because they interrupt the learning environment. Whatever the reason is the school gives us, should mobile phones be banned in schools? In daily life almost everyone now is reliable of their mobile phones. It is the wonderful technology for communication

Religion Versus Science in The Scopes Trial - 1089 Words

This trial took place in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, and the central figure was a twenty five-year-old science teacher named John Scopes. Scopes was under the umbrella of advancing America, and the trial was dubbed The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial. In 1925, John Scopes was encouraged to challenge the Butler Law. This law was passed in the state of Tennessee to bar teachings contrary to those in the Bible. Teachings from an evolutionary text, Scopes broke the law and drew the attention of the media. The focus of the media on the Scopes trial clearly presented the difference in the ideas of a religious town and an evolving country. Dayton, Tennessee was a stable and religious town. According to Jeffery P. Moran, Attorney. General. Tom Stewart was quoted having said that, â€Å"The state makes no contention, as stated by counsel for the defense, that this is a conflict between science and religion insofar as the merits are concerned† ( Moran 95 ). This conflict was the major focus of the trial as people in the town were displaying banners with the sign ‘Read Your Bible’. The people living here had taken up the Bible teachings so they could feel a sense of security within a time of change. â€Å"Evolution disputes the Bible record of man’s creation, and the logic of the evolution eliminates as false the miracles of the Bible, including the virgin birth and the bodily resurrection of Christ† ( Moran 191 ). This madeShow MoreRelatedEdward Larsons Work Summer For The Gods1199 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout United States history, Americans have always remain separated on certain issues. Edward Larson’s work Summer for the Gods exemplifies just how issues split the population. Larson uses the Scopes Trial of 1925 to demonstrate to the rivalry between modernists and traditionalists in the early 20th century. Charles Dawson discovered fossilized human bones known as the â€Å"Piltdown skull† and bridged a gap in history that seemed to confirm Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin s account of randomRead More Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Summer For the Gods878 Words   |  4 Pages Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Summer For the Gods The Scopes trial, writes Edward Larson, to most Americans embodies â€Å"the timeless debate over science and religion.† (265) Written by historians, judges, and playwrights, the history of the Scopes trial has caused Americans to perceive â€Å"the relationship between science and religion in . . . simple terms: either Darwin or the Bible was true.† (265) The road to the trial began when Tennessee passed the ButlerRead MoreScopes Trial Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe twentieth century Scopes trial may have started out as a simple debate between evolutionists and creationists, but quickly escalated to a debate of historic proportions. The 1920s were times of change in the United States, from women getting the right to vote to prohibition to changes in education, such as the Butler Act, which created unease and animosity throughout the country. The Butler Act of 1925 prohibited the teaching of evolution and any other theories that deny the story of the divineRead Mor eScience And Religion : A Very Short Introduction1198 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Darwin and Evolution† and â€Å"Creationism and Intelligent Design,† Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction (pp. 58-103) by Thomas Dixon The author, Thomas Dixon explains Evolution and creationism in separate chapters in his book, â€Å"Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction.† The evolution chapter talks about the history of Charles Darwin’s evolution, its challenges of the root of all living creatures as started in the Bible and it effect it has brought in American society. In the chapterRead MoreDracula and Science, Superstition, Religion, and Xenophobia1602 Words   |  7 Pagesin relation to science, religion, and some are even a combination of the two. Film and other media outlets have commonly been used to address these types of issues ever since these outlets were started. In the film Dracula, directed by Tod Browning in 1931, many controversial issues of the 1920s and 1930s including science, superstition, religion, and xenophobia are addressed. An argument that has been extremely controversial and debated for centuries is science versus religion. Dracula takesRead MoreThe Controversy Between Science And Religion1377 Words   |  6 PagesSummer for the Gods concentrates on the Dayton, Tennessee Scopes trial, or Monkey Trial, of 1925. The trial was over a Tennessee law that banned teaching evolution in public schools. The American Civil Liberties Union protested the law with teacher, John Scopes, who agreed to help. Thetrial of the century brought together two famous political enemies, William Jennings Bryan, who led the anti-evolution crusade, and Clarence Darrow, who was known as the best criminal defense lawyer and evolutionRead MoreEssay about The Influence of Religion on Scientific Advancement1737 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is an intricate part of society. It has existed since the beginning of civilization and continues expanding today. This physical organization of personal beliefs has created wars and revolution s; nations and constitutions. In a subject as controversial as that of faith, it is often difficult to discern if it has benefitted humanity. One especially relevant issue today is religion’s influence on science. Throughout history, it is evident that religious movements have occasionally impededRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction - In science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the change in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropriately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. EvolutionRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant because it requires billions of years for evolution to happen. Creationists claim that the earth is six to ten thousand years old, if this is so, then evolution is not true. This is one of the most important topics in the Creationism versus Evolution debate (Young World, 1996). Apparently, the earth cannot be billions of years old. Helium-4 for example is created by radioactive decomposition and is continuously put into the atmosphere. Helium cannot escape the earth’s gravityRead MoreStem Cells Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesAfter many decades of successful and unsuccessful trials to find a cure for diseases and disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and/or Parkinson’s disease, it seems like scientific research has provided us with a hope for these diseases. This essay will address the issue of controversial research in stem cells. This technology offers hope to millions who are victims of a multitude of diseases and disorders. It can be used to regrow limbs, create organs, attack genetic diseases

Literary Analysis Free Essays

Adam Accola Mr. Brieske English 11 21 January 2010 Critical Analysis of The Man to Send Rain Clouds In the short story The Man to Send Rain Clouds by Leslie Marmon Silko, the traditional Laguna Native American burial ritual is questioned by the meddling Catholic Church when an older man in the village, Teofilo, passes away. As part of the traditional ritual, the deceased have a feather tied in their hair, have their face painted with four colors, are wrapped in a red blanket, and are buried with corn meal and water sprinkled around their grave. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of these parts of the traditional ritual, including the specific colors used to paint the face, are symbolic of certain beliefs in the Laguna culture. First of all, feathers are a very symbolic item in many Native American cultures and are particularly symbolic of the spirit world according to Ava Venefica. Ms. Venefica also states that they symbolize ascension and strength and are worn by chiefs to show their ability to communicate with the spirit and their celestial wisdom. In the story, old Teofilo has a feather tied in his hair so that he is able to have flight within the spirit world (â€Å"Native American Symbols†), and be able to travel to his destination- the clouds. The placement of the feather is also important. The feather is tied into his hair, which is the most freely flowing part of the human body. The hair could very well be representing his spirit because of its ability to flow freely in the wind just like the human spirit. The four colors that are painted on his face and where they are painted on are all symbolic in the Laguna culture as well. His face is painted so that he can be recognized once he reaches the spirit world. Each color represents an aspect in nature and shows the Laguna culture’s closeness to the natural world (dymatsuoka). The colors themselves also have meaning behind them and are symbolic of various traits. There is even symbolism behind the placement of the color on his face. The first color that is painted on his face is white. White to the Laguna people symbolizes the snow on the tops of the mountains (dymatsuoka). In nature, white is also the color of clouds, which to the Laguna culture are very important. White is also a representative color of birth (Sutton). If birth is the true meaning behind the color, it would not necessarily refer to a literal birth, but rather a figurative rebirth into the spirit world. The color white symbolically is the color of light, goodness and purity (â€Å"Color Meaning†), three traits that would show the goodness of a person when they reach the spirit world. Having his color on their face may show the gods what traits they possess when they arrive in the spirit realm. Light, goodness and purity are three traits that can be associated with birth as well. When a child is born, they are not corrupted or tempted by sin right away and are â€Å"pure†. This association also supports the fact that white represents the rebirth into the spirit world. The color white is placed on Teofilo’s forehead which may also be symbolic. The symbolism in this could be the fact that the forehead is the highest point on the head and the color is playing off that fact. With white representing either clouds or snow, it supports this argument because clouds are high in the sky and snow is on the tops of the mountains. This may also be why it is placed on the top of the head as well as why it is painted above the blue. Also, the white being on the highest point on the face is the closest color to the sky. It could also be representing the fact that rebirth is of higher value than all other attributes of the death ritual because the white paint is placed higher than any other color. The next color, blue, represents the high blue mountains in the Lagunas’ natural world (dymatsuoka). According to Richard Sutton, blue can represent the color of the winter sky or the North, the direction from which the cold comes. With the comparison of blue to winter, it could also be representing death. Winter is considered to be the season of death (Louis), and could represent the physical death of Teofilo. Symbolically, the color blue represents quailities such as loyalty, wisdom and confidence (â€Å"Color Meaning†). All of these traits are very respectable and important to Native American cultures and are mostly associated with the older and more respected members of the tribe. If the gods saw this color as representing these qualities, they may find great favor in the person who wore it. The symbolism of putting the blue on his cheeks could mean a few different things. First of all, it could be representative of the mountains as mentioned before because it was placed on his â€Å"high cheekbones† (Silko). Cheekbones stand out and are very prominent features in many people and can often times look like small mountains. Also, it could represent the fact that rebirth is stronger than death. If the blue represents death, and the white represents rebirth, it may lead one to believe that the white has more precedence. This could represent that life is stronger than death, which is a common belief in many religions. Yellow, the third color drawn on his face, may be representing the sun (dymatsuoka) or corn. Both of these natural objects are very important to the Laguna culture. The sun is important because it is a source of life and growth. Corn because it is the most important crop to the Laguna and many other tribes in the Southwest. Yellow could also represent summer in many cultures (Sutton) which is often symbolic of the season of maturity (Louis). As for the symbolism of the color yellow, it can mean happiness, intellect and peace (â€Å"Color Meaning†). Once again, these are all respectable traits that would be favorable with the gods. The aspect of peace could mean that the person, even though they have passed on, is at peace with what has happened and their body will be at peace on earth while their soul is at peace in the spirit world. The physical placement of the yellow under the nose could symbolize his happiness in his afterlife. Because yellow is the color of happiness, and is placed on the upper lip, it may be symbolizing a smile. It could be trying to say that his spirit is happy in the afterlife and that his body is happy on earth. The final color on Teofilo’s face is green. Green is very common color of objects in nature that are healthy and full of life. Green in the Lagunas’ beliefs could be symbolizing the green of the earth. It is also referenced as the color of spring in some Laguna natives’ works (Silko) and as another symbol of the renewal of life. Green is symbolic of many different qualities. It is symbolic of harmony, freshness and nature (â€Å"Color Meaning†), and according to dictionary. com is also a color that means full of life and vigor. It could be referring to Teofilo’s spirit and saying that it is full of life. It may also be making reference to the Laguna people’s close ties to nature and their oneness with the natural world, even in death. It could also be very similar to white, but be referencing the person’s physical birth. The painting of green on the chin is symbolic as well. The green on the chin may be referencing the closeness and harmony to the earth, which is why it is painted the lowest on the face. It could also be because it is placed below the yellow and the two colors together represent the sun and the earth, just like the pair of blue and white refers to the snow-capped mountains or the clouds above the mountains. The two pairs of colors also support many Native American tribes’ belief in pairs. They believe that much of life consists of pairs such as day and night, male and female, good and bad and Mother Sky and Father Earth (â€Å"Native American Indian Symbols†). In many Native American cultures such as the Iroquois, they honor both parts in a pair because they believe the world would not exist without both parts (â€Å"The World on the Turtle’s Back†). The four colors going from top to bottom, along with the feather in his hair, all could represent the journey of a person’s complete life. Starting at the bottom, or the earth, is birth or the spring of someone’s life- represented by the color green. The next stage is the summer of the person’s life, or the period of growth- represented by the color yellow. Moving upward, the color blue on the cheeks represents winter or death. Finally, on the forehead is the color white representing rebirth into the spirit world. The feather in the hair represents the final stage in the rebirth process, when the person is a full spirit, and according to Native American traditions is a prayer and represents flight within the spirit world (â€Å"Native American Symbols†). The number of colors used could also be symbolic. In the Navajo culture, four is one of their sacred numbers because of the points on the cross, the four sacred elements, plants, rivers and mountains (â€Å"Walk in Beauty†). Also, the anthology Nothing but the Truth, divided three of Silko’s stories including The Man to Send Rain Clouds into four different sections. This could be just coincidence; however, it seems to lead to the fact that the number four is symbolic in the Laguna culture as well. Next in the ritual is the sprinkling of corn meal mixed with corn pollen. This mixture in the story is sprinkled once at the place of death, once at the home of the deceased and once at the graveside. The corn meal is mixed with pollen and is intended to be a blessing for protection, understanding and forgiveness (â€Å"Native American Symbols†). Corn meal and corn pollen are also very sacred items in many southwestern Native American cultures and notably in the Pueblo culture (Raitt). Corn meal and corn pollen are used in many sacred ways in the Pueblo culture. For example according to Raitt, the mixture is used to make lines on the ground either to lead the gods to the Pueblo people, or to keep undesired things out or desired things in. It is also used as an accompaniment to prayer or to consecrate ritual objects such as prayer sticks (Raitt). Corn, in the Navajo culture, is also used in many ritualistic ways. According to Luci Lonso, corn pollen is placed in the mouth of a child when their first tooth comes in, sprinkled on their head when they leave for kindergarten and placed in their hands when they receive their first lamb or colt. This proves that it is a very important and sacred item in the southwestern Native American culture. The three times it is sprinkled may be trying to incorporate the Christian aspects into this ceremony and be representative of the Holy Trinity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. However, it makes sense that it is sprinkled in the three main places associated with the person’s death. Even if this symbolic comparison is incorrect, it helps support the theme of incorporation of modern Christian ideals and practices into the traditional Laguna burial ritual that is present throughout the story. The true traditional and non-symbollic reason that it is sprinkled on the grave, along with the water, is so the person’s spirit will have enough food and drink on their journey into the spirit world (dymatsuoka). As for the red blanket that Teofilo is wrapped in, according to Richard Sutton, the color red symbolizes the â€Å"true road, direction from East to West towards the sunset, and it is considered a blessing for the departed to help in their journey towards the land of the spirits which is to the West. It may very well be symbolizing his path or be a type of good luck charm for him in finding the â€Å"true road† to the spirit world. As for other symbolic attributes of the color red, it symbolizes strength, power and determination. Wrapping the body in a blanket with a color that displays these qualities could be a type of good luck charm for the body in the spirit world (as mentioned before). It may al so be a source of encouragement for the spirit when they are on their journey. In conclusion, all of the aspects of the traditional Laguna burial ritual have symbolic elements and meanings attached to them. Everything from the feather in Teofilo’s hair to the red blanket that he is wrapped in symbolize an aspect in the Laguna culture. However, as mentioned before, only the Laguna people know the exact symbolism involved in the elements of their rituals and traditions. Works Cited Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. â€Å"Build Background. † The Language of Literature. Applebee, Arthur N. , Bermudez, Andrea B. , et al. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell Inc. , 2006. 48. Print. â€Å"Color Meaning. † Color Wheel Pro- See Color Theory in Action. n. p.  ©2002-2008. Web. 16 January 2010. ymatsuoka, â€Å"Re: What is the meaning of the colors white, blue, yellow, and green, and cornmeal and pollen in the burial ritual of â€Å"Man to Send Rainclouds†? †. enotes. com. enotes. com. 27 March 2008. Web. 16 January 2010. Eck, Pam. â€Å"Navajo Indians. † Inkido. indiana. edu. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. 15 April 1998. Web. 16 January 20 10. â€Å"Green. † Dictionary. com.  ©2010. Web. 16 January 2010. Iroquois. â€Å"The World on the Turtle’s Back. † The Language of Literature. Applebee, Arthur N. , Bermudez, Andrea B. , et al. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell Inc. , 2006. 30. Print. Lonso, Luci Tapa. â€Å"All the Colors of Sunset. † Reinventing the Enemy’s Language Contemporary Native Women’s Writings of North America. Harjo, Joy, Bird, Gloria. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. , 1998. 320. Print Louis. â€Å"Symbols. † Symbols. 9 October 2008: 4. Scribd. com. Web. 20 January 2010. â€Å"Native American Symbols- What are they? What do they mean? † Support Native American Art. Support Native American Art. n. p.  ©2009. Web. 16 January 2010. Raitt, Thomas M. â€Å"The Ritual Meaning of Corn Pollen among the Navajo Indians. † Religious Studies. December 1987: 523-530. JSTOR. org. Web. 16 January 2010. Silko, Leslie Marmon. â€Å"The Man to Send Rainclouds. † Nothing but the Truth An Anthology of Native American Literature. Purdy, John L. , Ruppert, James. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,  ©2001. 358-362. Print. Silko, Leslie Marmon. â€Å"The Man to Send Rain Clouds. † The Language of Literature. Applebee, Arthur N. , Bermudez, Andrea B. , et al. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell Inc. , 2006. 49. Print. Silko, Leslie Marmon. â€Å"Tony’s Story. † Nothing but the Truth An Anthology of Native American Literature. Purdy, John L. , Ruppert, James. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,  ©2001. 362-367. Print. Silko, Leslie Marmon. â€Å"When the Sun Came to Riverwoman. † Reinventing the Enemy’s Language Contemporary Native Women’s Writings of North America. Harjo, Joy, Bird, Gloria. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. , 1998. 487. Print. Silko, Leslie Marmon. â€Å"Yellow Woman. † Nothing but the Truth An Anthology of Native American Literature. Purdy, John L. , Ruppert, James. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,  ©2001. 367-373. Print. Sutton, Richard. â€Å"Re: Laguna Burial Traditions. † Message to author. 16 January 2010. E-mail. â€Å"Walk in Beauty: Hozho and Navajo Basketry. † tfaoi. com. Traditional Fine Arts Online, Inc. 2003. Web. 16 January 2010. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. As a note to the following analyses, only the true Laguna Native Americans can make completely accurate interpretations of their traditions. Outsiders such as anthropologists or reporters are not allowed to observe their sacred ceremonies, and even paintings of the ceremonies are sometimes inaccurate to protect the secrecy of their traditions (Sutton). The following interpretations are the compilation of various pages of research done on this ceremony and similar ceremonies other cultures as well. 2 ]. In the case of the Laguna Native Americans, after death, the Natives reenter the spirit world in the form of â€Å"Shiwanna† or â€Å"Cloud People† to bring rain to their people (Language of Literature 48)- the reason that clouds are an important part of the Laguna culture. [ 3 ]. The Navajo tribe is slightly different in location and beliefs from the Pueblo culture, but they are very similar tribes. The ancestors of the Navajo people actually settled and learned from the Pueblo Indians in the same area (Eck). How to cite Literary Analysis, Papers Literary Analysis Free Essays Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Theme for English B† is an interesting piece of perspective from an author who is obviously struggling to come up with an answer to what a teacher had thought to be a fairly straight forward question. When Hughes’ instructor asks him to go home and simply put down truth on a single page, it opens his eyes up to all of the things that he has done in his life. In addition to that, it opens his eyes to who he really is, what things drive and motivate him, and how other people have helped to shape him. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He touches on certain racially charged issues, though he never really gets into them in detail. For the most part, his writing is a compilation of that several aspects that have made up his life and turned him into the relatively young man that he is. Hughes begins his writing by simply wondering out loud to himself. His first words serve as something of a critique of the assignment itself. The teacher has indicated that this would be something that should not take long and it should be relatively simple for the students to complete. Hughes realizes right away that it is not that easy, at all, to come up with a real picture of the things that make a person who they are. At the beginning, the majority of Hughes’ doubts have to do with the fact that he was brought up in some different places and that he has always been something of an outlier when compared to his contemporaries. Hughes writes, â€Å"I wonder if it’s that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class.† (Hughes). In this, the reader gets a clear picture of the road that has led Hughes to the university and how those things have had a seemingly profound impact on his life. Hughes also takes the time to touch on some racially charged themes in his life in the later part of his opening dialogue. He does not look like a lot of the students around him, which obviously presents some problems for him and it also makes him appreciate his background. He learns to appreciate the reasons why he was able to come as far as he has come. Jane Alice of American Studies had some interesting thoughts on the main themes behind this particularly piece of poetry. In her analysis, she writes, â€Å"The instructor of his class is then implying that everyone here in his college class has something in common or has some what of the same life† (Alice). This serves to address the big problem of perception that can often time separate people in academia. For the teacher, everything was simple and everyone in the class had a similar upbringing. After all, they were there in a good college, so they had to come from the same type of background. Little does she know that it was much more of a struggle for some people than it was for other people. For the poet, getting to college was no simple task. Instead, it was something that required the ability to overcome many hurdles along the way. Hughes is an interesting case when it comes to his perspective. He is no small player in the African American community, having ascended to the position of poet laureate and having produced some of the most well recognized work of his time. It is absolutely essential to understand these things if one is going to understand what he is trying to say in â€Å"Theme for English B†. According to Mark Maier of AssociatedContent.com, this is the primary piece that readers have to grasp. Maier writes, â€Å"Hughes was a staple in the Harlem community, and a major player in the Harlem Renaissance—a coming-of-age for African American creativity in the throughout the 1920’s and ‘30’s. He is 47 by the time he writes this poem (not actually for the assignment’s due date) and it serves as both an educational and reflective vehicle—a voice that tells the how and why of not only what was happening during the time of his class but what was happening during the time he penned the piece† (Maier). This was a reflective piece, one that Maier had to think long and hard about before he put it down onto paper. Not everything is racially charged in the poem, though. Hughes spends a lot of time thinking about what it means to be an American and life in America is life. He comes to the conclusion that being American is all about having different people as a part of your life, regardless of their background and their upbringing. Hughes writes in the poem, â€Å"But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white— yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That’s American† (Hughes). This is something that Chris Semansky speaks to, as well. There, he writes, â€Å"As ‘Theme for English B’ indicates, Hughes, from the beginning of his career, consistently explored the idea of an American voice, and he repeatedly insisted that what we define as â€Å"American† must include the experiences, language, and visions of both its black and white citizens† (Semansky). All in all, many themes are addressed in Langston Hughes’ poem. From the obvious racial issues to the idea of an educational gap, he uses the idea of a simple assignment to address some things that are very important to him. Tina Mazzula speaks to this on more than one occasion in her analysis of the poem. She writes, â€Å"Langston Hughes, in writing â€Å"Theme for English B,† creates a poem that addresses the â€Å"white† concern for traditional English syntax, while at the same time, acknowledges the distance between the â€Å"white† culture and his â€Å"colored† self† (Mazzula). One cannot truly understand what Hughes was trying to get across without addressing each of these things individually and as a whole. Though some have tried to suggest that one thing was more important than another to the poet, it is clear from his many writings that he took many different aspects of the educational process very seriously. Not only did he appreciate and understand the struggle that he and many other African American students had to go through, but he also understood how difficult it was for his white teacher to relate to him on that level. In a way, it was this understanding that helped Hughes become as successful as he was during the entirety of his career. Works Cited Alice, Jane. Critics and Builders: American Studies. Analysis: A Theme for English B. ;http://criticsandbuilders.typepad.com/amstudiesblog/2008/03/anaylsis-a-them.html; Hughes, Langston. Theme for English B. ;http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~keith/poems/English_B.html; Maier, Mark. Deconstructing Langston B. Hughes’ Theme for English B. 21 October 2005. ;http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/11600/deconstructing_langston_b_hughes.html; Mazzulla, Tina. ‘It will be true’:   A Look into the Voice of Langston Hughes. ; http://titan.iwu.edu/~wchapman/americanpoetryweb/hughthem.html; Semansky, Chris. Poetry for Students, The Gale Group, 1999. ;http://www.answers.com/topic/theme-for-english-b-poem-6; ; ; ; ; How to cite Literary Analysis, Essay examples

Natural Vegetation free essay sample

You might have surely gone to a park if you live in a city or to a mango, guava or coconut orchard, if you live in a village. How do you differentiate between the natural vegetation and the planted vegetation? The same variety may be found growing wild in the forest under natural conditions and the same tree may be the planted one in your garden under human supervision. Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed over a long time, so as to allow its individual species to adjust themselves to climate and soil conditions as fully as possible. India is a land of great variety of natural vegetation. Himalayan heights are marked with temperate vegetation; the Western Ghats and the Andaman Nicobar Islands have tropical rain forests, the deltaic regions have tropical forests and mangroves; the desert and semi desert areas of Rajasthan are known for cactii, a wide variety of bushes and thorny vegetation. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Vegetation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Depending upon the variations in the climate and the soil, the vegetation of India changes from one region to another. On the basis of certain common features such as predominant vegetation type and climatic regions, Indian forests can be divided into the following groups: Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests These forests are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are found in warm and humid areas with an annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22 oC. Tropical evergreen forests are well stratified, with layers closer to the ground and are covered with shrubs and creepers, with short structured trees followed by tall variety of trees. In these forests, trees reach great heights up to 60 m or above. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves, flowering and fruition. As such these forests appear green all the year round. Species found in these forests include rosewood, mahogony, aini, ebony, etc. The semi evergreen forests are found in the less rainy parts of these regions. Such forests have a mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous trees. The undergrowing climbers provide an evergreen character to these forests. Main species are white cedar, hollock and kail. TYPES OF FORESTS (i) Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen forests (ii) Tropical Deciduous forests (iii) Tropical Thorn forests (iv) Montane forests (v) Littoral and Swamp forests. Figure 5. 1 : Evergreen Forest 58 INDIA : PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Figure 5. 2 : Natural Vegetation NATURAL VEGETATION 59 The British were aware of the economic value of the forests in India, hence, large scale exploitation of these forests was started. The structure of forests was also changed. The oak forests in Garhwal and Kumaon were replaced by pine (chirs) which was needed to lay railway lines. Forests were also cleared for introducing plantations of tea, rubber and coffee. The British also used timber for construction activities as it acts as an insulator of heat. The protectional use of forests was, thus, replaced by commercial use. Tropical Deciduous Forests These are the most widespread forests in India. They are also called the monsoon forests. They spread over regions which receive rainfall between 70-200 cm. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous. he plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In the higher rainfall regions of the Peninsular plateau and the northern Indian plain, these forests have a parkland landscape with open stretches in which teak and other trees interspersed with patches of grass are common. As the dry season begins, the trees shed their leaves completely and the forest appears like a vast grassland with naked trees all around. Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, etc. are the common trees of these forests. In the western and southern part of Rajasthan, vegetation cover is very scanty due to low rainfall and overgrazing. Tropical Thorn Forests Tropical thorn forests occur in the areas which receive rainfall less than 50 cm. These consist of a variety of grasses and shrubs. It includes semi-arid areas of south west Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. In these forests, plants remain leafless for most part of the year and give an expression of scrub vegetation. Important species found are babool, ber, and wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas, etc. Tussocky grass grows upto a height of 2 m as the under growth. Figure 5. 3 : Deciduous Forests The Moist deciduous forests are more pronounced in the regions which record rainfall between 100-200 cm. These forests are found in the northeastern states along the foothills of Himalayas, eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and Orissa. Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and sandalwood etc. are the main species of these forests. Dry deciduous forest covers vast areas of the country, where rainfall ranges between 70 -100 cm. On the wetter margins, it has a transition to the moist deciduous, while on the drier margins to thorn forests. These forests are found in rainier areas of the Peninsula and Figure 5. 4 : Tropical Thorn Forests Montane Forests In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to a corresponding change in natural vegetation. Mountain forests can be classified into two types, the northern mountain forests and the southern mountain forests. 60 INDIA : PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation from the tropical to the tundra, which change in with the altitude. Deciduous forests are found in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is succeeded by the wet temperate type of forests between an altitude of 1,000-2,000 m. In the higher hill ranges of northeastern India, hilly areas of West Bengal and Uttaranchal, evergreen broad leaf trees such as oak and chestnut are predominant. Between 1,500-1,750 m, pine forests are also well-developed in this zone, with Chir Pine as a very useful commercial tree. Deodar, a highly valued endemic species grows mainly in the western part of the Himalayan range. Deodar is a durable wood mainly used in construction activity. Similarly, the chinar and the walnut, which sustain the famous Kashmir handicrafts, belong to this zone. Blue pine and spruce appear at altitudes of 2,225-3,048 m. At many places in this zone, temperate grasslands are also found. But in the higher reaches there is a transition to Alpine forests and pastures. Silver firs, junipers, pines, birch and rhododendrons, etc. occur between 3,000-4,000 m. However, these pastures are used extensively for transhumance by tribes like the Gujjars, the Bakarwals, the Bhotiyas and the Gaddis. The southern slopes of the Himalayas carry a thicker vegetation cover because of relatively higher precipitation than the drier north-facing slopes. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of the tundra vegetation. The southern mountain forests include the forests found in three distinct areas of Peninsular India viz; the Western Ghats, the Vindhyas and the Nilgiris. As they are closer to the tropics, and only 1,500 m above the sea level, vegetation is temperate in the higher regions, and subtropical on the lower regions of the Western Ghats, especially in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The temperate forests are called Sholas in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai and Palani hills. Some of the other trees of this forest of economic significance include, magnolia, laurel, cinchona and wattle.

Methods Of Stock Selection Essays - Finance, Economy, Money

Methods Of Stock Selection A lot of attention has been paid to different methods of stock selection. Lately momentum investing has been all the rage, and many have been suggesting that the old methods are no longer valid. But, as we have indicated all along, in the long run, the old rules will apply and those who ignore them may look great for their 15 minutes of fame, but in the end, they ignore the old rules at their peril. Two methods that have stood the test of time are value and growth investing. These are the two methods that we should pay the most attention to. You can use one or the other, or a combination of the two. We should apply both to our decisions, however, in each case we apply them to differing degrees. After all, every stock is an individual and should be treated as such. Normally, a value investor is considered to be someone who tries to find shares that are undervalued, and then buys them for a bargain. The reason for the share being undervalued could be an industry that is not currently popular, some recent bad news or just market neglect. The investor believes that due to this current unpopularity, the shares can be bought at a bargain, and oneday their true value will be realized. The most successful value investors are prepared to wait years for this true value to be realized, as long as they believe that the economic value is still there. Growth investors are investor's who are looking for shares of companies that are growing and expanding. Their belief is that the current price is not that important, as by expanding and growing, these companies are constantly increasing their economic value, which will translate into increase share price. It is often their position that if you wait for a lower price, you may miss the ride, because, as the companies grow, so will their price. Consequently, today's price which may seem high, will be considered a bargain when compared to tomorrow's. The most successful of these investors are also prepared to hold onto a share for a long time. After all, as long as the company is growing, its value should continue to go up. The above two styles both have merit, and when exercised correctly, they also emphasize quality. As indicated above, while it may sound like you can use one of these approaches, or the other, but not the two together, I do not believe this. I think that quality shares can be chosen for a number of reasons, one being growth, but once you have selected a quality share, there is no need to run right out and buy it. The next step should be to value it, to see if it can be purchased for a reasonable price. After all, market hype can cause even the best companies to be overvalued. This is true of all companies, especially fast growing ones. I should point out that this does not mean buying the share at the best price, or the bottom, it means satisfying yourself that the current price is economically justified. If you wait for the bottom, you will miss it nearly every time, or may never invest, as a better price may be coming. This could cause you to miss most of the best opportunities. On the other hand, if you value a share, then you will have the comfort of knowing that you have purchased some economic value, which should eventually be realized. You will not always be right, and your evaluations should be redone fairly regularly, but on the whole, this should add significant stability to your portfolio. Also, when your shares do drop, it will be easier to hold on to them and sleep at night, knowing that your investments still hold true economic value if not market value. Finally, from a purchasing point of view, valuing the shares, makes the decision easier. Presumably, you will be adding to your portfolio over time, so when you have new money to invest, you can review the companies in which you would like to increase your holdings, and add to the ones that are well

Free Essays on The Tribute Money

Artist Report #1 The painting that I chose was Masaccio’s, â€Å"The Tribute Money†. In this painting, Masaccio displays his mastery of the human form. All of his figures stand in perfect contraposition giving them an easy, natural look. The story told in this painting is done in three parts, in â€Å"continuous narration.† In the middle of the picture, Christ (the central figure) instructs Peter (wearing blue and orange) to catch a fish, whose mouth will contain the money the tax collector demands. At the far left of the scene, Peter grabs the fish and takes the tribute money from its mouth. He then pays the tribute to the tax collector on the far right. â€Å"Masaccio achieves perfect perspective in this fresco by directing the viewer’s eyes to the central vanishing point located behind Christ’s head† (Arts and Culture, Benton, pg 301). â€Å"The architecture, unlike the figures, is not monumental in scale, as it would distract from the drama of the scene illustrated. The landscape background shows the use of aerial perspective and consistent lighting. The Tribute Money is an example of Masaccio’s mature work, demonstrating full accomplishment of his revolutionary new Renaissance style. The vanishing point for the linear perspective in this work focuses on Christ’s head. This point was considered to assist in drawing together all aspects of the painting (landscape, houses, and figures) in spatial unity. â€Å"All lines on the buildings in the right of the picture follow the orthogonals to the vanishing point. A mathematical division called caesura structures the painting. These are based on musical scales, and the first caesura falls upon Christ† (Mifflin, Houghton. Tribute Money by Masaccio, February 12, 2003. http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter 7/image92.html) The figures in The Tribute Money are individualized. Masaccio’s figures are constructed through an observational and anatomical... Free Essays on The Tribute Money Free Essays on The Tribute Money Artist Report #1 The painting that I chose was Masaccio’s, â€Å"The Tribute Money†. In this painting, Masaccio displays his mastery of the human form. All of his figures stand in perfect contraposition giving them an easy, natural look. The story told in this painting is done in three parts, in â€Å"continuous narration.† In the middle of the picture, Christ (the central figure) instructs Peter (wearing blue and orange) to catch a fish, whose mouth will contain the money the tax collector demands. At the far left of the scene, Peter grabs the fish and takes the tribute money from its mouth. He then pays the tribute to the tax collector on the far right. â€Å"Masaccio achieves perfect perspective in this fresco by directing the viewer’s eyes to the central vanishing point located behind Christ’s head† (Arts and Culture, Benton, pg 301). â€Å"The architecture, unlike the figures, is not monumental in scale, as it would distract from the drama of the scene illustrated. The landscape background shows the use of aerial perspective and consistent lighting. The Tribute Money is an example of Masaccio’s mature work, demonstrating full accomplishment of his revolutionary new Renaissance style. The vanishing point for the linear perspective in this work focuses on Christ’s head. This point was considered to assist in drawing together all aspects of the painting (landscape, houses, and figures) in spatial unity. â€Å"All lines on the buildings in the right of the picture follow the orthogonals to the vanishing point. A mathematical division called caesura structures the painting. These are based on musical scales, and the first caesura falls upon Christ† (Mifflin, Houghton. Tribute Money by Masaccio, February 12, 2003. http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter 7/image92.html) The figures in The Tribute Money are individualized. Masaccio’s figures are constructed through an observational and anatomical...

7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ONLY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ONLY - Assignment Example (PLEASE FEEL FREE TO USE YOUR OWN RESOURCES) 1. What is orthography and how does it differ from phonetic spelling? Explain why linguists use a phonetic alphabet to represent speech sounds instead of regular spelling. Include specific examples in your answer. (125 WORDS) Orthography means literally correct writing and it refers to the rules and conventions of the written language. It includes the way that letters are used to spell out a word, punctuation, and the use of capitals and lower case letters, as for example the use of capital letters for all nouns in German, but only for proper nouns in English. Orthography alone is not a good system for linguists because it does not represent accurately the actual sounds that are produced in spoken language. Two speakers from different parts of the United States might pronounce the same word differently and this is not recorded in orthography. A phonetic alphabet has one symbol for each sound and this allows accurate analysis of sounds. Suprasegmentals are a linguistic feature that can be found in the spoken language. Linguists look at the small segments of speech, such as vowels, consonants and syllables and analyze how these are formed and how they fit together into words and phrases. Suprasegmentals are features that transcend these tiny pieces and range over several syllables. An example of a suprasegmental is the way that intonation and stress patterns operate. It is important to identify these features because they can change the meaning of an utterance, for example a rising intonation can mean a question in English whereas a flat or falling intonation is a statement. Stress on a word can mean emphasis. The word â€Å"desert† has different meanings, depending on which syllable is stressed. Answer the following questions in your own words. Your answers need to be complete enough to demonstrate mastery of the lesson objectives. A brief paragraph (5 sentences)

Debates in Australian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Debates in Australian History - Essay Example The term may also be used to denote those programs or agencies which are independent in nature within an institution on which the responsibility of selecting, preserving and offering access or archival documents is bestowed on. The third meaning refers to repositories or buildings that are used for purposes of housing various collections of archival material. This paper, however, aims at presenting an in-depth understanding of archival documents as a broad collection of media and other traditional textual materials, including films, photographs, sound recordings, videotapes, magnetic disks and magnetic tapes (Shultz, Hoffman & Reiter-Palmon 2001, p.23). Oral history, on the other hand, refers to the formal, well-rehearsed accounts of the past presented by traditional bearers who have been culturally endorsed to informal conversations regarding to things and incidents of the old days among the members of the family, coworkers and/or neighbors. Oral history may also entail printed comp ilations of old stories which were told about both the past and the present experiences or even recorded interviews with certain persons deemed to have an imperative story to tell (Mnjama 1993, p.83). Each and every of these uses has a certain specific currency. Undeniably, a majority of the people throughout history has got to learn about the past through spoken words. In addition, for those individuals in the society who are history-conscious, firsthand accounts of the past have been so preserved for the record and to be precise, at those moments when they were historical actors and with their memories of the pass from the scene. Being histographical methods, both oral history and archival documents have had their merits, as well as demerits. Advantages Archival documents are important cultural resources. This is because these materials have been authored in such a conscious way so as to not inform, but also perpetuate knowledge, convey feelings, ideas and opinions. Moreover, the authoring of archival documents is geared towards entertaining and availing information about their subject (McKemmish 1993, p.9). Archival documents are customarily a part of the broader group of records which are closely related. Since they are created or accumulated in the course of undertaking business, these documents do play a central role in facilitating the business process. Another of the advantages of archival documents is that they are useful for historical and/or research purposes. They actually provide a doorway through which both the past and present events can be examined. Furthermore, a variety of researchers, including scholars, students at various levels, genealogists, biographers, local historians, documentary filmmakers and independent writers, take advantage of these archival documents (Lucas 1981, p.228). It is also worth noting that archival documents can be used for a number of purposes and by assorted audiences. As thus, records of organizations which do not have their personal institutional archives, as well as individual personal papers are most a times actively sought by the historical societies. Additionally, archival documents are the basis for legal evidence, personal and collective memory and organizational knowledge. Since archival documents are undeniably information objects serving as an evidence of the past events,

Structural Impediments In Social Mobility: Pakistan

Structural Impediments In Social Mobility: Pakistan Social Mobility is an all-encompassing concept that includes but is not limited to economic prosperity. Social mobility is concerned with a relocation of individuals and groups to a class they aspire to be in. Economics is a big but not the only determinant of moving to the aspiring class. The state is dependent upon its structural development to promote the wellbeing of its population. The structure of the state is then determines the policy formulation and most importantly its implementation. A state not only requires strong structures but adequate ones too. Apart from formal state structures, the Pakistani society also includes informal social structures such as cast, creed, and political influence, connection to power bases (military and bureaucracy). In this case then, structures both formal and informal interact to ultimately determine and influence policies that determine the wellbeing of the masses. Structures do not survive in vacuum and are therefore dependent upon politica l and policy stability. Structures should also be designed to maximize autonomy and decentralization for people to make choices in how the state should best meet their needs .Social mobility in Pakistan is subject to the states policies that promote it such as education, health, housing, spending taxes effectively. Lastly social mobility as a state policy can only be achieved if both formal and informal structures form a conducive atmosphere for the policies. 1. Introduction There is no dearth of literature and research on poverty alleviation and improving governance in Pakistan. While there is no doubt about the excellent quality and in-depth research, there is however not enough attention being given to determining what are the impediments in the way of implementing these programs. These specific constraints that emerge as structural issues that discourage social mobility are a topic of new interest amongst various social scientists. The purpose of this research is then to describe these impediments in hope that policy makers can understand the problems properly and draft policies that tackle these issues and eventually ease the implementation of their programs. While there can be little or no argument against the merits of tackling these issues, it is however still questionable as to what prevent policies designed specifically to address these issues, to actually overcome these. The term social mobility has seen to been a great interest amongst sociologists and other scholars. Various definitions and meanings have been giving while the concept itself has evolved throughout the years. However this paper describes social mobility as the movement of individuals from one class or status group to another. Horizontal social mobility corresponds to the social status changes of individuals, having no influence on their material welfare, employment. Absolute social mobility occurs when the majority of the individuals in the class move from one social status to another. While various academics have studied various facilitators for social mobility this paper will mainly focus around issues that fall under governmental and public sector structural purview such as rapid economic growth, performance of public sector institutions and effective policy design and implementation. Cheema and Sial (2012) record the incidence of poverty as high as 23% of the total population in Pakistan. Various reports on the poverty conducted show that the poverty is double in rural area than that in urban Pakistan. The World Bank defines governance in terms of how power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social development. However the term governance is often interchangeable and carries different meanings in different contexts. Under most contexts governance is the rules and the subsequent practice of directing public affairs. In simpler terms governance can then be seen as the art of conducting matters that affect the state of the public. Governance is only made possible through institutional structures that implement the decisions. According to (Haq Zia 2009) governance is then determined by the quality of institutions and how decisions are executed. It is with this view that defines governance as the formation and stewardship of the formal and informal rules that regulate the public realm, the arena in which state as well as economic and soci al actors interact to make decisions (Hyden, Court Mease 2003). Governance is highly subjected and dependent upon public sector institutions and structures. The public sector institutions works with other societal organizations to develop public policies and programs that bring about peoples welfare and more specifically reduce poverty. Policies that increase welfare and realize other positive public and societal goals are the intended function of governance. 2. Research Methodology Purpose of research This study will be undertaken to ascertain how government functioning and structures discourage social mobility in the economically poor class of Pakistan. This research will help all stake holders identify how and what parts of government are responsible for increasing poverty levels and how difficult it is for people to get out of the poverty trap. 3. Method of research Research Design: Philosophy The philosophical approach to this research is the critical approach. The reason for selecting this approach is that this philosophy studies society in terms of a conflict of different groups and how tensions of one group eventually lead to a confrontation and a change in society. Although positivism would also be suitable for studying this topic, but it is the feeling of the researcher that it may ignore to explain why such structures might behave the way they do. Here the conflict approach will examine the structural imbalances and explain how status quo keeps the Pakistani society in a state of monopolised resources. Approach adopted An inductive approach is then suitable to study how these structures impose themselves upon society. This approach also leaves room to develop alternative explanations and meanings as to why the structures discourage social mobility. Strategies This research study falls under the broad category of descriptive research further narrowing down in to case study research; one of the many available qualitative strategies. This study looks in to how formal and informal structures have hindered the marginalized populations effort to step out of their class. It means to pronounce no judgments or one-sided definite conclusions aiming at becoming an interpretive case study led endeavour. Choices Research choices being present in much variety gave way to purely mono method standards being chosen for this study, namely qualitative befitting the genre of the topic. A mixture of methods or only a quantitative methodology was deemed unfit because of the wide array of opportunities to create a logical understanding, space and flexibility qualitative research provides. Time Horizon: Cross-sectional in form, this exercise was a onetime investigative effort in to the subject of the study conducted over a brief period of time although a longitudinal study covering more aspects depending on the interest of the researcher is possible. Techniques procedures: Data collection techniques involve at first existing secondary sources that point in the direction of the themes selected for investigation. Procedures used for analysing secondary data in this case, include coding, sorting and sifting at first that leads to a typological stage which requires a taxonomic or hierarchical depiction of the typological categories established to better ensure clarity of the concepts and themes of research. Also because the definitions of what constitutes good structures and bad structures is not universally acknowledged , it must be created in the context of Pakistani society and whether the said structures promote equal opportunity for all . It must be noted that analysis of secondary data is treated similarly to that of primary data within the qualitative paradigm. With this comes the next step, and the qualitative technique used to comprehend and convert all collected data into a whole being logical analysis, allows the development of an all-encompassing analysis and discussion. With respect to the genre of this study, discourse analysis could have been selected as a qualitative procedure of analysis but that would have required expertise in the selected area as a pre-set condition and a further in depth study of available discourse requiring more time along with the establishment of other philosophical and historical parameters which would have expanded the scope of this project. However, no choice of procedure is better than the other and logical analysis if anything, allows the development of a more cohesive interpretation and understanding of the topic at hand. Measurement/ Instrument selection Data will be collected from secondary sources such books and research papers which will aid the analysis of this paper based on accurate and established constructs and themes. Primary data collection would involve a longer amount of time and require greater expertise to extract information. Variables Qualitative research allows one the space and flexibility to not have variables to start with and this being a case study can do without propositions also. However, the former will remain absent not the latter because the idea behind this research project is to look in to what define formal and informal structures, and what elements govern them in the context of Pakistani society. Variables, if identified will further narrow down the focus of research by placing the study of structures the background and isolated variables in the foreground making them the subject of study , thus a disconnect will be avoided . In this descriptive case study, the idea is to identify and then describe the structural functioning in Pakistani society to highlight their role in social mobility in an effort to better understand them. Thus there is no need to use variables. Definitions for structures and social mobility used Structures, which are also known as institutions are a very subjective concept. However scholars tend to generally define structures as the development of an organised action that seeks to establish norms, enforce rules and guide practices in society. Structures can then be classified into formal or informal. The formal structures come together by the effect of laws promulgated, contractual agreement, or other codified artefacts (Prell et al. 2010). Prell et. al furtherises his argument by stating structures that are informal refer to practices that have become conventional in a society and produce groups of people in an organized collective. Beliefs, social networks, cultures and norms are responsible for developing these informal structures. These informal structures than exist side by side, challenge or sometimes even reinforce formal structures. In the case of Pakistan the clan system, bridari, connections with power bases such as military, bureaucracy or politicians, jobs in state institutions and family connections are some of the informal structures that are a focus of this research. Informal structures are not organizations, as they are not backed and recognized by the state. Moreover there authority has no bases in law and are not a separate identity than their patrons. Meaning that without its members, informal structures cannot exist. Formal structures are known as organizations because they are not dependent on their members to survive. They are recognized by the state as separate entities that can be run by different people. There by continuity and membership are the two distinguishing characteristics of formal structures (Prell et al. 2010). Secondly informal structures manifest in social relations and rather social networks. Social networks a then the ultimate regulatory tool in the functioning of these structures . There is no law backing the functioning of informal structures. But where both cases converge is the constraints and incentives for individuals to think and/or act a particular way is provided. Social mobility measures the equality of life opportunities for groups in a society. These opportunities allow groups equal access to areas through which they can climb economic and subsequent social ladder. Thus social mobility is the fluidity afforded to marginalised groups to move vertically in the class system. While there is a sociological and an economic definition for social mobility, in this research paper the researcher will be using social mobility in the economic sense. The debate of social mobility and its relationship with inequality and economic growth is of great interest to scholars. Research undertaken by Nunn et al. (2007) shows that high levels of inequality of resource distribution constrain the potential for movement within the social hierarchy, leading to a double-bind of high income inequality and low mobility. On the other, high levels of inequality and mobility might be thought to be good bedfellows, suggesting that sufficient incentives are built into the so cial structure to allow the economy to make the best use of its resources, allocating talented labour to high value jobs (Nunn et al. 2007). However most evidence favour the cyclic nature of high income inequality leads to low mobility which closes access to resources to climb out of the poverty trap. The States role is widely acknowledged to maximize access to resources to all segments and provide avenues of social mobility. The state and its structures are then fundamentally responsible for correcting an imbalance of access to resources. For this reason, the structures of the state are empowered to make policies and decisions that provide maximum benefit to the marginalized. It is in this paradigm, the study of the structures of Pakistan and their role in social mobility will be undertaken. 4. Data analysis The data gathered from secondary sources would be categorized using axial coding and then divided in to groups according to the categories recognized in the discussion of structures and social mobility. Once sorted, the data during this initial process has been sifted, edited and tailored to match the research objectives. The data will be analysed in categories in a hierarchy. This will then help to show demonstrate level by level the relationships between various structures and their role in promoting or discouraging social mobility. This will provide for the flow, interconnectivity and congruence of the data collected. Lastly this will be backed by scholarly research on similar topics. Research Ethics During the course of the research, utmost care was taken to treat the study as ethically as possible. In order to properly follow the pre-set code of conduct and ethics for any research process, several measures were taken. At the developmental stage of this research it was ensured that all prior literature reviewed and referred to at any instance in the research report, be properly acknowledged with citations and full-length references. Furthermore, proper attention was also given to the fact that most of the literature and resources used for this study derived from the internet, or otherwise came from authentic sources. 5. Literature Review Shafqat (1999) undertook the study on Pakistans bureaucracy and its role in governance and institutional structures. Shafqat noted that while initially the countrys bureaucracy was seen as the instigator for the engine of growth, development and an agent of change, in the later years it was seen as a highly corrupt group striving for maintaining its grip in status quo. Shafqat credits the various movements against the authoritarian to highlight the repressive role of the bureaucratic machine. Bureaucrats were then seen as being inimical to their own vested interests (Shafqat 1999). Corruption, inefficiency, absence of accountability, and maintenance of the status quo were portrayed as the manifestations of bureaucracy (World Bank Report 1993, as cited in Shafqat 1999) Husains (1999) work on governance and institutions of Pakistan highlights problems specific to Pakistan and the local decay of state. He argues that weak institutions and the emergence of informal groups at the expense of the state authority work in a cyclic pattern in Pakistan, with weak institutions formulating inadequate policies and failing to implement them. Hussain (1999) then argues that well designed public institutions must be seen as investments for a country and help to improve resource allocation, comparative trade advantage, productivity, market allocation efficiency and distribution of benefits of growth. Husains research focuses on how power is exercised by bureaucrats in the management of the country. He argues that economic and social resources have been plundered thanks to the flexibility available to bureaucrats in pursuing arbitrary action. He then goes on to highlight the collusion between different structures both formal and informal in saving each other from accountability. Finally he maintains that accountability is not anchored in the core of the state institutions and that power remains fixed within the hierarchy of the bureaucracy and elite instead of counter checking institutions like the judiciary. He therefore argues that the power afforded to the bureaucracy and elite tilts the balance as the political process in the country has been unstable and has produced politicians and leaders that are ill equipped to deal with matters of governance. Hussains (1999) view is supported by Hussain and Hussain (1993). The authors maintain that the impediments in governing Pakistan arise from a sluggish bureaucratic system. They maintain that despite some economic growth social policy making has been fundamentally flawed. The bureaucratic strain has tilted the states favours on the side of the connected and powerful. Governance is then subservient and accommodating to only a few and ignores the wellbeing of the population. Hussain and Hussain attribute this to nonprofessional training of the bureaucrats as the main reason why governance and institutions remain inadequate for pursuing pro poor policies with current resources available. Hussain and Hussain clarify that state policies and institutions are limited in providing relief to the already well to do and operate on patronage and favours. The authors conclude that social mobility is highly restricted for people who cannot access power through personal connections. Haq and Zia (2009) studied the ability of governance structures to effectively formulate and implement sound policies that promoted welfare for the poorer segments of society. The focus of their research is on the poor input given by the bureaucracy at various stages required for the government to be able to produce and implement good policies. They also noted the failure or deliberate inadequacy of the bureaucracy particularly in the role of regulatory bodies that developed and implemented market friendly policies such as price control and adequate public funds supervision, excessive regulation in area such as foreign trade and business development. Haq and Zia further studied the structural dimension of governance. They found many instances where exercise of public power was curtailed in favour of private gains by top officials. They also found instances of bureaucracy colluding with politicians to control corruption measures and in some cases limit charges under anti-corruption laws. The aspects of corruption in the structure ranged from the occurrence of additional payment to get things done to grand corruption in the electoral arena and the capture of state resources. Haq and Zia conclude that since lawmakers and law implementers colluded with each other it was a simple case of a lack of respect on the part of both the corruptor and the corrupted for the rules that govern their interaction, thus representing a failure of governance (pp.39). Ghani et. als (2006) study found that people across the third world aspire of gaining access to the lifestyle enjoyed by citizens in developed countries. It found that their exclusion from these benefits by the powerful fuel the resentment of the population. A structurally weak and flawed governance state, instead of providing resources and mobility out of poverty, becomes an instrument for repressing the many by the few. States like Pakistan then by comparison fail to acquire the range of functions routinely associated with state-capacity (Ghani et. al 2006). The monopoly on state resources and power then are seen as the failure of governance and structures of Pakistan. Pasha (2002) undertook the study focusing on the segments that benefited the most during Pakistans economic growth periods. His study found that despite periods of good economic performance the lack of social security policy framework prevented most of the poorer segments of society from climbing up the economic mobility level. Pasha found that countries who focused on the development of social safety nets together with growth managed to sustain social mobility. Pasha emphasized that even if one was missing the other would not be enough to reduce poverty. Pasha concluded by stating that public policies in Pakistan can be even influenced by bureaucracy to generate and distribute income for persons in favour to them. Pashas (2002) work is supported by the findings of Hussain and Hussain (2009). They highlight the patron-client model of governance in bureaucracy in the Ayub government has somewhat still continued till today. The bureaucracy granted licenses and contracts to favoured individuals in the private sector within a highly regulated economic regime (Hussain Hussain 2009). Government postings and appointments were then made to establish a network for the patronage of bureaucrats and military ruling elite. During the 1960s, the government systematically encouraged import substitution industrial growth, and nurtured an industrial elite dependent on state patronage. 6. Research Questions What are the informal and informal structures in Pakistan? Do informal structures prevail over formal state structures? Do informal structures ultimately determine the fate of the marginalized in Pakistan? 7. Propositions (P1) The Pakistani state has inadequate structures to address the need of social mobility in the marginalized groups (P 2) The informal social structures of political influence and connections with power bases override state authority across all levels 8. Discussion The foundations of governance are built on the smooth functioning of the state structures. Pakistans governance and its structures were inherited from the British in 1947. These state structures have since then been subject to rules that have ranged from complete dictatorship to a weak hobbling democracy. Unfortunately as transition period for governments has been far removed from smooth, the structures of the state have not progressed in terms of responding to challenges. This has made the atmosphere for implementing pro poor plans very difficult. The instability of the political scene has caused various structures within the formal framework to be ill equipped to meet challenges of the country or lacking in real autonomy and transparency. The bumpy transitions have also meant that economic and social policy plans have been cut short or even in some cases reversed by the preceding government. Thus the true functioning of the state structures in equalizing resource access and pluggin g wastage has been sabotaged due to the uncertainty that prevails in the countries governance. While Pakistans governance has shifted between dictatorship and democracy, the sufferers have been the people of Pakistan. While governments come and go, a structure has worked with and facilitated governance regardless of who was at the helm of affairs. The bureaucracy and its state structures have worked with both dictators and the politicians. The bureaucracy inherited the skills that the British left them with to govern the Indian sub-continent. As the bureaucracy managed the day to day affairs, it was the British who they reported to and thus best represented their interest. Being answerable to a parliament was something that was alien to this structure. The bureaucratic formal structure is then an important and a crucial component in the state of Pakistan. The structures role has largely been facilitators of the current ruler. The structure has also the ability to then link its main and core function policy formulation directly to the personality in power rather than a system or a vision. The reason for this is has been the structures past where answering to the viceroy were the procedure. This str ucture is also crucial as it plays a major role in developing social programs and implementing them. While it has been colluded with both formal and informal structures, its role is central to understanding the problem of social mobility in Pakistan. There is a great consensus amongst Pakistani sociologists and political scientists that the military plays a great role in the functioning of the state of Pakistan. Some go as far as declaring the military structure as the final authority in Pakistan. What makes the military an important part of the state is its economic dimension. The Pakistani military has an industrial component, which includes fertilizer companies, cereal manufacturing, cement and etc. The second component is the share of the defence expenditure in Pakistans budget. The military structure has been the main player in the countrys 65 years of existence as far as the state is concerned. Dominant till the 1971 war and omnipotent from the 1980s, the military structure has a fundamental role in all aspects that govern the land of Pakistan. Its role has been more than what is defined in the constitution and laws of Pakistan. Primarily still a fighting force; it has administrative, economic, and political functioning. Th is has made it the important player in any and all affairs of other structures. The military structure then supersedes all other structures by sheer force. The political structure of Pakistan is the last of the formal structures that play a major role in drafting policies that promote social mobility. While periods of democracy puts the structure in spotlight, political organizations as they are legally known, have maintained varying amounts of influence on the state of Pakistan. The political structure has largely been a victim of unstable governance. With periods of democracy peppered on a series of dictatorships, Pakistans political structures have been weak, divided and un-evolved. Structurally weak, the politicians have then maintained ties with the aforementioned bureaucrats and military to stay relevant. While formulated by law, political setups have been always at the mercy of bureaucrats for implementing their decisions and the military for the functioning of democracy. Lastly the large business and land owning class has been a somewhat formal and an informal structure in Pakistan. This is a somewhat stable structure that consists of a heterogeneous class. The structure although is not formally recognized by the laws of the land, has made its presence felt by attaching itself to formal structures through relations, patronage and networking. This class has economic interests in the state, and therefore works across all structures to further their interest. The structural make up of this class makes it dependent on who ever best facilitate its objectives. This has led to the growth of power of this structure dependent on its relations with all formal and informal structures. What is interesting to note however is the informal structure that cuts across all the mentioned formal state structures? Largely based on personal connection, kinship, relation or belonging to clan system, the informal structures of Pakistan permeate across all structures of society. Largely still an agriculture based society, Pakistan has a population that still values these traditional structures over formal ones. The bridari system will connect army generals to politicians. Bureaucrats belonging to the same ethnicity tend to favour each other. Connections to power base i.e.: the military, bureaucracy and the political class is also a major part informal structure. The connection of this structure eventually determines the access to resources for the population. As these three bases use the power granted to them vis-Ã  -vis the formal structure to further their personal agenda. The presence of this structure is largely documented, but its role in formal structures and eventually policy making has not been explored fully. The question then remains do informal structures eventually prevail over formal state structures. Influence and personal connection play a significant role in the upward mobility in Pakistan. The informal structure through network and relation play a large role in the inadequate governance response to social mobility issues. Interest groups operate with impunity via these informal networks and are not held accountable. This is because of their client-patronage method of dealing with the very structures on which the state is built on. The interest groups serve their economic objectives through licenses and permits etc. that are easier to come by if one knows the right people. Hence groups and individuals who wield influence are able to gather wealth and move upwards in social mobility. This locks out the rest of the population from accessing resources to use in the increase of their social and economic status. Social and economic inequality is then closely linked. As a consequence of personal connection with the right structures, poverty, economic power and political dominance are then inter-connected. Control over economic resources via personal influence is then central to social dominance. Thus the informal structures ability to socially exclude groups results in social inequalities and prevents social mobility. It is due to this that even if the country passes through the period of economic growth, wealth might not trickle down because the informal structures maintain exclusive control over economic resources and political influence. The economic dependence of a tenant and agricultural laborer on their landlord, or that of a small business man on a politically connected man for license, helps to perpetuate these very informal structures. The informal structures act as monopolies and keep power and economic resources in the hands of already dominant groups and thus making social mobility for other groups a distant dream. The final question that must be answered is that do informal structures ultimately determine the fate of the marginalized in Pakistan. The Pakistani attitude towards employment in the public sector as compared to the private sector demonstrates the influence of informal structures in society. While employment in both private and public sectors of economy are perceived as an important source of upward mobility in the rest of the world, public sector employment is more prized because of the power and influence involved with holding the office. The other route to private sector employment is only accessible through education. It is no surprise then, that Education is too leads to upward mobility. The meagre spending on education in the budgets and lack of a robust education policy for 65 years in evidence that individuals in the formal structures are not connected to the marginalized. The disconnect that exists, because of the economic interests of individuals